过去式的用法规则

elt

过去式(past tense)是英语语法的一种,表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态。一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示,而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。

forget的过去式和过去分词_wear的过去式和过去分词forget的过去式和过去分词_wear的过去式和过去分词


forget的过去式和过去分词_wear的过去式和过去分词


⒈过去发生的而已经结束的动作需要用一般过去式来表示。

⒉表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态。

【过去时态】表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。

【过去时态结构】是指过去时态下的动词形式的语法构成。

规则动词

一般动词直接加-ed,e.g.look-looked;

以e结尾的动词直接加-d,e.g.dance-danced;

辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i再加ed,e.g.study-studied;

以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母(字母w,y,x除外),双写这个辅音字母加-ed,e.g.skip-skipped;

以l结尾的动词,若以非重读音节结尾,则末尾的字母l双写与不双写均可。其中不双写的是美式拼写。e.g.trel-trelled/treled(U.S.)。

部分以-p结尾的动词同样遵循第5条,这类词多由“前缀+名词”构成。e.g.worship-worshipped/worshiped(U.S.)、handicap-handicapped/handicaped(U.S.)。

注:英语26个字母中,除了a,e,i,o,u 这几个元音字母外,其他都是辅音字母。

不规则动词

动词过去式与原形相同;

动词过去式以-ought或-aught结尾;

动词过去式由原形结尾的-end变为-ent;

动词过去式以-elt,-eft,-ept结尾;

动词过去式与原形比较,其中一个元音字母发生改变;

动词过去式以-ew结尾;

动词过去式-ee-变为-e-。

情态动词

不规则情态动词

is-was

are-were

am-was

go-went

do,does-did

bring-brou情态动词的一般过去时态ght

make-made

he-had

run-ran

l-told

eat-ate

draw-drew

put -put

read-read

take-took

die-died

see-saw

fly-flew

cut-cut

meet-met

l-told

build-built

lend-lent

lose-lost

hear-heard

buy-bought

see-saw

choose-chose

forget-forgot

sink-sank

sing-sang

begin-began

swim-swam

ring-rang

drink-drank

fly-flew

draw-drew

lie-lay

其他变化

1.原形-过去式-过去分词全相同

cost——cost——cost 价值

cut——cut——cut 切,割,砍

hit——hit——hit 打

hurt——hurt——hurt 伤害

read/ri:d/——read/red/——read/red/ 读

put——put——put 放

let——let——let 让

shut——shut——shut 关

2. 过去分词与原形相同,过去式改o/u为a

become—became—become 变得,成为

come—came—come 来

run—ran—run 跑

3. 原形-过去式-过去分词是i-a-u的变化

begin—began—begun 开始

drink---drank—drunk 喝

ring---rang—rung 打电话

sing---sang---sung 唱(歌)

swim---swam---swum 游泳

4. 过去分词在原形后加-en

eat—ate---eaten 吃

fall---fell—fallen 落下;跌倒

5. 过去式和过去分词都去掉原形的一个e

feed---fed—fed 喂养,饲养

meet---met---met 碰到,见面,会面

6. 过去分词在原形后加-n

blow—blew—blown 吹

grow—grew—grown 种植;生长

throw---threw---thrown 投;掷;扔

know---knew——known知道;懂得;认为

draw—drew—drawn 画

fly--- flew---flown飞

see --- saw --- seen 看见,看到

show---showed---shown 出示;给...看

give--- ge ---given 给

drive---drove---driven 驾驶

take---took---taken 拿去;带去

7. 过去分词以-en结尾

bite--- bit --- bitten 咬

ride---rode---ridden 骑(车,马等)

write---wrote---written 写

break---broke---broken 弄坏,弄破

choose--chose--chosen 选择

speak---spoke---spoken 讲话;演讲

wake---woke---woken 使...醒来;弄醒

forget---forgot---forgotten 忘记

hide---hid---hidden 躲,藏

8. 过去分词以-ne结尾

do --- did --- done 做,干

go --- went --- gone 去

9.过去式与过去分词都有aught结尾

catch---caught ---caught 捉住;抓住

teach---taught---taught 教

10.过去式和过去分词都以-ought结尾

bring---brought---brought 拿来;带来

buy ---bought ---bought 买

fight---fought---fought 打架;打仗

think---thought--thought 想;认为

teach---taught--taught 教 vt.教;教导,训练; vi.教书

11.

dig ---dug ---dug 挖

get ---got---got 得到;获得

sit --- sat --- sat 坐下

hold---held ---held 举行;握住

shine --- shone --- shone 照耀

say--- said ---said 说

pay---paid---paid 付账;为...付款

make---made---made 制造;制作

l --- told --- told 告诉

sell---sold---sold 卖

stand --- stood --- stood 站立

understand-understood-understood 明白;理解

find --- found --- found 发现

12. 过去式和过去分词都在原形后加d或t

hear--heard--heard 听见;听说

mean --meant--meant 意思是

13. 过去式和过去分词都以elt,eft或ept结尾

feel --- felt --- felt fall 过去式fell 过去分词fallen感觉

keep --- kept --- kept 保持

sleep---slept---slept 睡觉

lee --- left --- left 离开

14 .

he --- had --- had 有

lose --- lost --- lost 丢失;迷失

build---built---built 建造;建设

send --- sent --- sent 寄;送

lend---lent---lent 借

spend --- spent --- spent 花费(时间,金钱)

15.

lie --- lay --- lain 躺;位于

wear --- wore --- worn 穿;戴

be ---was, were --- been 是

16. 只有过去式

can --- could 能

may --- might 可能,也许

shall---should 将要

will---would 将要

17. 过去式和过去分词均有两个

burn-burned/burnt-burned/burnt 燃烧

learn-learned/learnt-learned/learnt 学会

spell--spelled/spelt--spelled/spelt 拼写

Be动词的一般过去时

内容在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词, am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were

肯定句式:主语 + be(was , were) + 其它.

否定句式:主语 + be(was , were) + not + 其它.

一般疑问句:Be(was , were) + 主语 + 其它?

注:在这种构成中,be动词有人称和数的变化,即要根据主语选用was / were。Be动词分为单数和复数,was是表示单数,were是表示复数。

实义动词的一般过去时态

注:1. did和didn’t是构成一般过去时的助动词,其特点是要在其后跟动词的原形。

2.实意动词do的一般过去时

肯定句要使用动词的过去式,否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do和 does 的过去式 did.

肯定句式:主语 + 动词(过去式)+ 其它

否定句式:主语 + didn’t + 动词(原形)+ 其它 【did not = didn’t】

一般疑问句:Did + 主语+ 动词(原形)+ 其它【do , does的过去时均为did】?

Idomy homework ry day.(用yesterday改写句子)

Ididmy homework yesterday.

I didn’t do my homework yesterday.(否定句)

含有情态动词的一般过去时与含有be动词的一般过去时,是十分相似,请注意观察。

肯定句式:主语 + 情态动词 + 其它

否定句式:主语 + 情态动词 + not + 其它.

一般疑问句:情态动词 + 主语 + 其它?

注:情态动词的过去式:can→could , may→might , must→must ,will→would,shall→should。

不规则动词表

become became become

abide abode,abided abode,

alight

arise arose arisen

awake awoke,awaked awoken

be was, were beDidyoudoyour homework yesterday?Yes ,I did. /No, I didn’t.(一般疑问句)en

bear bore borne, born

beat beat beaten

befall befell befallen

beget begot begotten, begot

behold beheld beheld

bend bent bent

beree bereed, bereft bereed, bereft

beseech besought, beseeched besought, beseeched

beset beset beset

bespeak bespoke bespoken, bespoke

bespread bespread bespread

bestrew bestrewed bestrewed, bestrewn

bestride bestrode bestridden, bestrid, bestrode

bet bet, betted bet, betted

bink bought bought

bid bade, bid bidden, bid

bide bode, bided bided

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten, bit

bleed bled bled

blend blended, blent blended, blent

bless blessed, blest blessed, blest

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast, broadcasted broadcast, broadcasted

browbeat browbeat browbeaten

build built built

burn burnt, burned burnt, burned

burst burst burst

buy bought bought

can could -

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

chide chid, chided chid, chidden, chided

choose chose chosen

clee cleed, cleft, clove cleed, cleft

clee cle cloven

cling clung clung

clothe cloknow knew knownthed, clad clothed, clad

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

crow crowed, crew crowed

cut cut cut

dare dared, durst dared

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

dispread dispread dispread

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamed, dreamt dreamed, dreamt

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

dwell dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

fly fled fled

fly flied flied

forbear forbore forborne

forbid forbade, forbad forbidden

forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted

fordo fordid fordone

forego forewent foregone

foreknow foreknew foreknown

forerun foreran forerun

foresee foresaw foreseen

foreshow foreshowed foreshown

forel foretold foretold

forget forgot forgotten, forgot

forgive forge forgiven

forsake forsook forsaken

forswear forswore forsworn

freeze froze frozen

gainsay gainsaid gainsaid

get got got, gotten

gild gilded, gilt gilded

gird girded, girt girded, girt

give ge given

go went gone

gre gred gren, gred

grow grew grown

hamstring hamstringed, hamstrung hamstringed, hamstrung

hang g g

hang hanged hanged

he had had

hear heard heard

hee heed, hove heed, hove

hew hewed hewed, hewn

hide hid hidden, hid

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

inlay inlaid inlaid

keep kept kept

kneel knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled

knit knitted, knit knitted, knit

lade laded laded, laden

lay laid laid

lead led led

lean leaned, leant leaned, leant

leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped

learn learnt, learned learnt, learned

lee left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

light lit lit

light lighted lighted

lose lost lost

make made made

may might -

mean meant meant

melt melted melted, melten

misdeal misdealt misdealt

misgive misge misgiven

mislay mislaid mislaid

mislead misled misled

mistake mistook mistaken

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood

mow mowed mowed, mown

must must -

ought ought -

outbid outbade, outbid outbidden, outbid

outbreed outbred outbred

outdo outdid outdone

outeat outate outeaten

outfight outfought outfought

outgo outwent outgone

outgrow outgrew outgrown

outlay outlaid outlaid

outride outrode outridden

outrun outran outrun

outsell outsold outsold

outshine outshone outshone

outshoot outshot outshot

outsit outsat outsat

outspend outspent outspent

outspread outspread outspread

outthrow outthrew outthrown

outthrust outthrust outthrust

outwear outwore outworn

overbear overbore overborne

overbid overbid overbidden, overbid

overblow overblew overblown

overbuild overbuilt overbuilt

overbuy overbought overbought

overcast overcast overcast

overcome overcame overcome

overdo overdid overdone

overdraw overdrew overdrawn

overdrive overdrove overdriven

overeat overate overeaten

overfeed overfed overfed

overfly overflew overflown

overgrow overgrew overgrown

overhang overg overg

overhear overheard overheard

overlade overladed overladed, overladen

overlay overlaid overlaid

overleap overleapt, overleaped overleapt, overleaped

overlie overlay overlain

overpay overpaid overpaid

override overrode overridden

overrun overran overrun

oversee oversaw overseen

oversell oversold oversold

overset overset overset

oversew oversewed oversewed, oversewn

overshoot overshot overshot

oversleep overslept overslept

overspend overspent overspent

overspread overspread overspread

overtake overtook overtaken

overthrow overthrew overthrown

overwind overwound overwound

overwrite overwrote overwritten

partake partook partaken

pay paid paid

precast precast precast

prechoose prechose prechosen

put put put

quit quitted, quit quitted, quit 1 、规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:

(1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。

work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited

(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。

live---lived---lived ,

study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried

(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。

stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped

请大家帮忙提供写动词的过去式和过去分词

13.动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如:

be ( am, is, are )(是)was, were been

beat(跳动) beat beaten

become(变成)became become

begin(开始)began begun

blow(吹) blew blown

break(打破)broke broken

bring(带来) brought brought

build(建设) built built

buy(买) bought bought

can cought cought

catch(抓住) caught caught

choose(选择) chose chosen

come(来) came come

cost(花费) cost cost

cut(割) cut cut

dig(挖) dug dug

do(做) did done

draw (画) drew drawn

drink(喝) drank drunk

drive(驾驶)drove driven

eat(吃) ate eaten

fall(落下) fell fallen

feel(感觉) felt felt

find(找到) found found

fly(飞) flew flown

forget(忘记)forgot forgotten (forgot)

freeze (结冰/ 凝固)froze frozen

get(得到) got got

be:was是人称和第三人称的过去式,were是第二人称的过去式,been是过去分词

is:was过去式 been过去分词

are:were过去式 been过去分词

beat 过去式beat 过去分词beaten/beat

become 过去式became 过去分词become

begin 过去式began 过去分词begun

blow 过去式blew 过去分词blown

break 过去式broke 过去分词broken

bring 过去式brought 过去分词brought

build 过去式built 过去分词built

buy 过去式bought 过去分词bought

can 过去式could 过去分词could

catch 过去式caught 过去分词caught

choose 过去式chose 过去分词chosen

come came come

cost 过去式cost 过去分词cost

cut cut cut

dig dig dig

do did done

draw 过去式drew 过去分词drawn

drink 过去式drank 过去分词drunk

drive 过去式drove 过去分词driven

eget-gotat 过去式ate 过去分词eaten

feel 过去式felt 过去分词felt

find 过去式found 过去分词found

fly 过去式flew 过去分词flown

forget 过去式forgot 过去分词forgotten/forgot

freeze过去式froze 过去分词frozen

get 过去式got 过去分词gotten/got

be

am/is was been

are were been

beat beat beaten

begin began begun

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

buy bought bought

can could /

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut ell--elled/elt--elled/elt 闻cut

dig dug dug

do did done

draw drew drown

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feel felt felt

find found found

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

freeze froze frozen

get got got

am/is was been

are were been

beat beat beaten

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

buy bought bought

can could could

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

dig digged/dug dug

do did done

draw drew drawn

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eatten

fall fell fallen

feel felt felt

find found found

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten/forgot

freeze froze frozen

get got gotten/got

been

was

were

began begun

blew blown

broke broken

brought brought

built built

bought bought

could

caught caught

chose chosen

came come

cost cost

cut cut

dug dug

did done

drew drawn

drank drunk

drove driven

ate eaten

fell fallen

felt felt

found found

flew flown

forgot forgotten

froze frozen

got got

英语动词过去时和过去分词的特殊单词有哪些???

a.beat的过去式与原形同形:

be was were begin began begun bend bent bent blow blew blew

break broke broken bring brought brought build built built buy bought bought catch caught caught cut cut cut eat ate eaten feel felt felt

fall fell fallen fly flew flown fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden

keep kept kept leed led led lay laid laid let let let

lie lay lain lose lost lost make made made pay paid paid see saw seen

sell sold sold sweep s(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。wept swept teach taught taught wake woke woken

win wobegin began begunn won

他们都有相同之出,有一个规律就是要经常背

fish,fly,follow和forget的单三,现代分词,过去式和过去分词。

4.动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。如:

第三人称单数:fishes过去分词:fished复数:fishesfish现在进行时:fishing过去式:fished、

第三人称单数:flies过去分词:flown复数:flies现在进行时:flying过去式:flew

第三put—put,read—read〔red〕,set—set人称单数:follows过去分词:followed现在进行时:following过去式:foll例:owed

第三人称单数:forgets过去分词:forgotten现在进行时:forgetting过去式:forgot

read,remember,forget的过去分词是什么?急急急急急急急急急急急急急。感谢能回答我

meet met met

1. read:

pushing [5puFiN]

第三人称单数:reads

过去分词:read

现在进行时:reading

过去式:read

2 .remember:

第三人称betake betook betaken单数:remembers

过去分词:remembered

现在进行时:remembering

过去式:remembered

3. forget:

第三人称单数:forgets

过去分词:forgotten

现在进行时:forgetting

过去式:forgot

易混淆单词:Forget

动词过去式过去分词

prove proved proved, proven

5 动词过去式和过去分词的变化规则

agreed moved [mu:vd]

动词过去式和过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种.

1) 规则变化

情况 例词 读音与说明

动词原形 过去式 过去分词

一般在动词原形后加-ed look

call

open

need looked

opened

needed looked [lukt]

called [kC:ld]

opened [5EupEnd]

needed [ni:did] ①-ed在清辅音音素后

发音为〔t〕,在浊辅音后发音为〔d〕,在元音后发音也为[d]

②-ed在〔t]、〔d〕

后发音为[id]

③但fix的过去式和过去

分词x不双写,为fixed.

以-e结尾的动词加-d move

phone

hope

agree moved

phoned

hoped

phoned [fEund]

hoped [hEupt]

agreed [E5^ri:d]

以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,

再加-ed study

carry

try studied

studied

carried studied [5stQdid]

carried [5kArid]

tried [traid]

以原音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-ed play

enjoy

stay played

enjoyed

stayed played [pleid]

enjoyed [in5dVCid]

stayed [steid]

末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop

plan

fit stopped

planned

fitted stopped [stCpt]

planned [plAnd]

fitted [5fitid]

以-r音节结尾的词,双写r字母,

再加-ed prefer

refer preferred

referred preferred [prI`f:d]

referred [ri5fE:]

2) 不规则变化

英语中有些动词的过去式和过去分词形式变化不规则,可分为五种情况.

1.动词原形、过去式和过去分词完全同形.

原形 过去式 过去分词

cut(切)

hit(打)

cast(扔)

hurt(伤害)

put(放)

let(让)

shut(关)

cost(花费)

set(放)

rid(清除) cut

hit

cast

hurt

put

letgrind ground ground

shut

cost

set

rid cut

hit

cast

hurt

put

let

shut

cost

set

rid

2.过去式与过去分词完全同形.

原形 过去式 过去分词

find(找到)

pay(支付)

lee(离开)

lend(借出)

meet(遇见)

keep(保持)

lose(丢失)

teach(教)

sit(坐)

lead()

win(赢)除) found

paid

left

lent

met

kept

lost

taught

sat

led

won found

paid

left

lent

met

kept

lost

taught

sat

led

won

3.动词原形与过去分词同形

原形 过去式 过去分词

come(来)

run(跑)

become(成为) came

ran

became come

run

become

4.动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式完全不同.

原形 过去式 过去分词

give(给)

fly(飞)

drink(喝)

see(看见)

go(去)

know(知道)

wear(穿)

speak(说) ge

flew

drank

saw

went

knew

wore

spoke given

flown

drunk

seen

gone

known

worn

spoken

5.过去式和过去分词有两种形式

原形 过去式 过去分词

burn(燃烧) burned

burnt burned

burnt

learn(学习) learned

learnt learned

learnt

ell(闻) elled

elt elled

spell (拼写) spelled

spelt spelled

spelt

shine (照射) shined

shone shined

shone

leap (跳) leaped

leapt leaped

leapt

提示

比:beat(打击) beat(过去式) beaten(过去分词)

b.lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同

比:lie lied,lied(说谎)

lay,lain(躺,位于)

c.hang 有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同

比:hang hanged,hanged(处绞刑)

g,g(挂,吊)

d.welcome(欢迎)一词是规则动词,不可误用为不规则动词

比:welcome welcomed,welcomed(正)

welcome,welcome(误)

e.不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词

比:hit(打) hit,hit(正)

hitted,hitted(误)

6 现在分词的变化规则

规则 动词原形 现在分词及发音

一般在动词原形词尾加-ing,-ing发音为 [iN] go

push

play

carry going [5^EuiN]

playing [pleiiN]

carrying [5kAriiN]

以不发音的e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing take

write

lee taking [5teikiN]

writing [5raitiN]

leing [5li:viN]

重读闭音节结尾的动词,如果词尾只有一个辅音字母,要将该辅音字母双写,再加-ing cut

stop

fit

begin

forget cutting [5kQtiN]

stopping [5stCpiN]

fitting [5fitiN]

beginning [bi5^iniN]forgetting [fE5^etiN]

以ie结尾的动词,要把ie改为y,再加-ing lie

die

tie lying [5laiiN]

dying [5daiiN]

tying [5taiiN]

谁有初二英语书后面那张动词的过去式和过去分词的表格啊?有的话拍张照片发给我可好?多谢了啊!

became become

不规则动词的过去式 (初二)

不规则动词的过去式是同学们学习的重点,也是一called个难点。同学们应通过不规则动词的动词原形和它们的过去式找出其变化规律,总结如下:

1. 把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。过去分词不变.如:

become—became, come—came

2.把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。如:

begin—began,drink—drank,give—ge,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam ,sink—sank,

3.把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。如:

drive—drove,ride—rode,shine—shone,win—won,write—wrote

get—got,forget—forgot

5.动词原形中的eep改为ept,dream-dreamed/dreamt-dreamed/dreamt 做梦;梦见变成过去式。如:

keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept

6. 动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。如:

stand—stood,understand—understood

7.改动词原形中的aw /ow为ew,变成过去式。如:

draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除外,show—showed)

8.动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。如:

break—broke,speak—spoke

9.动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。如:

sell—sold,l—told

10.以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔 :t〕的过去式。如:

bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught

11.以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。如:

can—could,shall—should,will—would

12.在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。如:

hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕, say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,

mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕, dream—dreamt 〔dremt〕

cut—cut, hit—hit, hurt—hurt, let—let,must—must,

14. 动词的过去式有两种形式。如:

dream—dreamed/ dreamt learn—learnt/ learned shine—shone/ shined

ell—elt/ elled wake—woke/ waked

15.不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如:

am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,

feel—felt,find—found,fly—flew,go—went,he /has— had,hide—hid,

hold—held,lay—laid,lee—left,lie—lay,lose—lost,make—made,may—

might,run—ran,see—saw, ell—elt,take—took,wake—woke,

wear—wore

记得采纳我的哦,祝你学习进步