考研1997年阅读理解 97年考研阅读理解解析

2019考研英语备考：判断、推理和引申题的两种题型解析

【 #考研# 导语】 十年寒窗，开出芬芳;十年磨剑，努力未变;十年坚守，成功守候。十年的风雨兼程奋力追逐，让梦想现实的时刻。祝努力备考，金榜题名，考入理想院校。以下是 无 为大家整理的 《2019考研英语备考：判断、推理和引申题的两种题型解析》供您查阅。 1. 一正三误

考研1997年阅读理解 97年考研阅读理解解析

考研1997年阅读理解 97年考研阅读理解解析

考研1997年阅读理解 97年考研阅读理解解析

一正三误题型要求考生找出四个选项中惟一正确的一个。检验时要注意这种题型最常采用的三种命题方式：正话反说、反话正说和替换。

1997年第64题：

No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You he sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, howr, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company r since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative and the corporate bottom line.

At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late St Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock pr and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.

The flap over rap is not life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in wher it gives of thought and expression the widest sible latitude, howr disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”

Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and n cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to dlop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.

The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say sral of them he shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us he known for many, many years that the s under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company he only recently come to realize this.”

The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.

[A] Luce is a spokean of Time Warner

[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise

[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate

[D] St Ross is no longer alive

段的一句暗示了什么?

这是一个标准的三误一正的推理引申题。正确：D

2. 三正一误

三正一误题型要求考生判断哪一个选项与文章不符。检验时有两种方式，一是正确选项所给的信息在文中根本没有提到过，二是正确选项所给信息与文中其他内容相互冲突。

1996年第56题：

With the start of BBC World Serv Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listening to it.

And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC evision channels, five BBC national radio servs and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual lnse fee of ￡83 per household.

It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years—yet the BBC's future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.

The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewers—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and n wher they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide wher to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.

Defenders of the Corporation—of whom there are many—are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broken, don't fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning hing no money), so why bother to change it?

Yet the BBC will he to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels—TV and Channel 4—were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for aertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new salite channels—funded partly by aertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions—which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?

[A] Extension of its TV serv to Far East.

[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.

[C] Potentials for further international co- operations.

[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organization.

下列哪一项BBC没有作为一个关键问题提及?

这是一个标准的三正一误推理引申题。正确：C。

由历年考研英语真题可知，阅读理解部分的试题中，大多数是针对段落的细节设计的，其目的是为了测试考生对组成段落的主体部分的理解。在每年的考试中，细节题的数量是最多的，大约占50%，其中涉及对文章中复杂句、列举、例证、引用、转折、因果关系等的处理，因此做好这类题至关重要。

另外，细节题的测试在另一方面也可以考察考生对段落结构的理解程度，哪些是辅助论点，哪些是主要脉络，只有对这些细节有一定的了解，我们才能更深入地领会文 章。文章的细节并不是孤立的，它总要与其他事实前后呼应，一般来说，作者总会把同等性质的事实放在一起，并借助不同的衔接手段进行组合，从而达到说服读者 或阐明观点的目的。其提问方式不外乎有以下几种：

The author provides following examples except …

According to the author, all of the following are true except (that)____.

Which is among the best sible ways to…?

Which of the following would NOT be an example____?

Which of the following is the LEAST likely…?

对于细节题我们要从词义与语法(句法)着手，从这个角度来说，此类考题又可被细划分以下几个细类：

1. 因果标志语

表因果关系的标志词可具体分为：

(1)表原因

because of, since, for, as, now that, seeing that, owing to, caused by, the main reason for…is

(2)表结果

hence, thus, so, therefore, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, for that reason

2. 结论标志语

in general, generally speaking, in short, in a word, to be brief in all, in words

3. 转折与对比语

but, howr, nrtheless, otherwise, dissimilarly, unlike, on the contrary, in contrast, in opition to, on the opite side

4. 比较类型标记语

similarly, likewise, in similar fashion, in similar way, in the same matter, just as

5. 列举标志语

one… another…still another, first…second…third

6. 举例标志语

for example, as an example, as an instance, take…as an example, let me cite… as a proof

针对细节题，考生要注意分析句子和句子之间的关系，是因果、递近、转折还是什么?尤其要注意文章的句和一句，以及每段的句和一句与其它句子 的关系，体会每句话在文章中的作用。在阅读过程中，要培养自己对文章主要讨论对象、，作者和专家的观点，以及语气的把握。特别注意作者和专家的观 点，专家和专家之间的观点是否相同或相反或互补，以及作者和专家的语气是还是反对，是关注还是乐观等等。如果是真题，还要仔细分析考点和正确、干扰选 项的规律、特征。在此过程中，可把文章尽可能的多读几遍，甚至翻译一下，提高对文章中单词、短语、句型等的反应速度，阅读速度自然也就提高了。

此外，阅读的步骤也十分重要。许多考生拿到文章之后从头读起，读完再去一个一个选。这种方法十分传统，叫整体阅读法。其优点是可以有一种全局感或整体 感。缺点是文章太长，读后细节记不住，再去找又费劲又容易出错，许多细节都混淆在一起了，得分经常不高。建议同学们用一下查找阅读法：读完段就做 题。然后看第二个问题问的什么，带着这个问题去看第二段，然后是第三段、第四段，依此类推。(注意，有一种问题可能此方法不太适用，那就是：主旨性问 题)。查找式阅读法虽然把文章看得支离破碎，但得分往往很高，因为刚看一段就去做一道题，这样对细节会把握得很准。

所以，阅读理解并不是简单的读懂文章就可以把题作对，在对文中内容全面正确把握的同时还要审清题目，理解题目要求。

2001年Passage 1

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into aller units, one man could continue to handle the rmation and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related dlopments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.?

54. The direct reason for specialization is _________.

[A]the dlopment in communication

[B]the growth of professionalisation

[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge

[D]the splitting up of academic societies

该题考察的是实行专业化的直接因素是什么，根据本文句即可找到C为正确选项，其中“as a response to”即表示的是因果关系。

类似的解题思路可应用到以下文章中：

What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in earlyAmerica—breakthroughs such as the egraph, the steamboat and the weing machine?

Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the pract of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, spatial thinking about things technological.(1996)

1. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.

[A] elementary schools

[B] enthusiastic workers

[C] the attractive premium

[D] a special way of thinking

The researchers studied the behior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of goods and servs than males. (2005)

2. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.

[A] more inclined to weigh what they get

[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions

[C] n in both appearance and temperament

[D] more generous than their male companions

这两道题共同的特点就是题目中都有一个表示程度的限定词。道题中的限定词是in a large part，第二道题中的限定词是most probably，这两个词语的出现本身就有一个暗示，说明选项中应该有不止一个原因，但是题目要求回答出其中最重要的一个因素。原文定位道题，可以发现定位句“I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools;a labor force that welcomed the new technology;the pract of giving premiums to inventors;and above all the American genius for nonverbal，spatial thinking about things technological”中含有四个并列成分，分别是“excellent elementary schools” , “a labor force”, “the pract of giving premiums to inventors”和“the American genius for nonverbal，spatial thinking about things technological”。上述四个内容在选项中都有出现，很多同学会因为先入为主的思维习惯选择A。但是当我们注意到题干中的限定信息是要求找其中影响的一个因素，我们就要比照四个因素哪个影响。原文中的第四点前出现了above all，这个短语表示“最重要的是”，所以此题应该选择D。

类似的2005年的考题中也出现了同样的情况，题干中出现most，选项中出现了列举。“They look cute. They are good-natured，cooperative creatures，and they share their food tardily. Above all，like their female human counterparts，they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of goods and servs than males.” 这些列举也分别被设计成了干扰项。但是其中受到强调的是above all 后面的这个因素。“like their female human counterparts，they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of goods and servs’ than males”，所以此题为A。

英语问题 97年考研阅读篇

Death NET是via the group's online serv的同位语

如果this isn't just soming that happened in Australia是定语，course前就必须要有冠词了，这里就是插入语，你考个研纠结语法这么厉害干嘛。。。。。

现在英语交际最重要，特别是美式英语，看得懂就是，of course作为插入语放在哪里都可以

2019考研英语阅读：一正三误的判断、推理和引申题

一正三误

一正三误题型要求考生找出四个选项中惟一正确的一个。检验时要注意这种题型最常采用的三种命题方式：正话反说、反话正说和替换。

1997年第64题：

No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You he sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, howr, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company r since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative and the corporate bottom line.

At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late St Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock pr and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.

The flap over rap is not life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in wher it gives of thought and expression the widest sible latitude, howr disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”

Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and n cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to dlop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.

The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say sral of them he shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us he known for many, many years that the s under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company he only recently come to realize this.”

The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.

[A] Luce is a spokean of Time Warner

[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise

[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate

[D] St Ross is no longer alive

段的一句暗示了什么?

这是一个标准的三误一正的推理引申题。正确：D

97年考研阅读2的56题b选项various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends是什么意思

你好这位朋友，感谢你对英语牛人团的信任，我们在此响应你的考验英语阅读题求助。

这道阅读原文和第56题我都给你看过了。

首先，你提及的翻译这个选项意思是：“各种美德仅仅表现在朋友关系之中。”

这道题目的另外三个选项是：

1 - culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship

2 - courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated

3 - social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions

它们对应的翻译分别是：

1 - 文化对关系施加影响。

2 - 礼貌的习惯与个人兴趣互相影响。

3 - 关系等同于一系列复杂的文化习俗。

如果你手头有这篇阅读原文，请拿出来看一下。文章的一段句是全段的主题，该句可译为：“像其他发达一样，在美国，人际关系的背后是一系列复杂的文化符号、信念和习俗。”换言之，美国的文化决定了美国人的行为。

由此可见，正确是1号：culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship。

希望我的解析对你有帮助，祝你考研顺利！

1997年考研英语text3解析

我认为which的先行词是rate

which指的是most estimates of the matural rate of unemployment，

我英语语法不太好，学英语凭的是语感和理解，

毕竟是一种语言，我也考试。有时间可以交流一下英语学习

the rate below which是个定语从句做 inflation的定语 这里 the rate是主语 below 是介词 which 指的是most estimates of the matural rate of unemployment

考研英语阅读理解翻译历年真题

“I've nr met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It's a stupid endeor.” That's an interesting cho of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team he not succeeded, though they he cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproductive of man's best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.

Westhusin's experience with cloning animals lees him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using dreds upon dreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy's DNA. None he survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you're dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also erous,” he says.

Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a n research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin's phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy's mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He's plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy?s fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not he her temperament. In a statement of pure, Missy's owner and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”

The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin's work. He knows that n if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would yo want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when we?re not n close to getting it worked out in animals yet?” [397 words]

6. Mr. Westhusin thinks cloning is erous because_____ .

[A] animals are tortured to death in the experiments

[B]the public has expressed strong disapproval

[C] too many lives are wasted for laboratory use

[D] cloning becomes a quest only for profit

7. What is the problem confronting the Missyplicity project?

[A] The client holds a suspicious view toward it.

[B] There is a lack of funds to support the research.

[C] The owner is unwilling to disclose the rmation.

[D] Cloning dogs is a difficult biological problem.

8. Which of the following is true about animal cloning?

[A]Few private cloning companies could afford it

[B]Few people he realized its significance.

[C] An exact copy of a cat or bull can be made.

[D] It is becoming a prosperous industry.

9. From the passage we can infer that _____.

[A] Mr. Westhusin is going to clone a dog soon

[B] scientists are pessimistic about human cloning

[C] human reproductive has not been understood

[D] rich people are only interested in cloning animals

10. Mr. Westhusin seems to beli that cloning______.

[A] is stupid and should be abandoned [B] has been close to success

[C] should be taken cautiously [D] is now in a dilemma

>>>>>>解析<<<<<<

核心词汇

confines n. limits or borders范围，界限;边界 例：the confines of human knowledge 人类的知识范围 / the confines of family life 家庭生活的范围

超纲词汇

aborted a. ① 的 ② 出问题的，出故障的

canine a. 犬的，犬科的

cramped a. 狭窄的，拥挤的 例：working in cramped conditions 在拥挤的环境里工作

embryo n. 胚胎

fetus n. 胎，胎儿

Missyplicity n.这是个临时造的词，是三个部分的合成：Missy指文中提到的那条狗密斯，

duplicate意为“”，?ity为名词后缀

plop vi.&vt.(使)扑通一声落下 例：Can you plop some in my drink? 能在我的饮料中放点冰块吗? 文中是比喻用法，指“投入资金”

surrogate n., 人,代用品 vt.使, 使代替;surrogate mother 母体

veterinary a.兽医的 例：veterinary medicine/science兽医学

vexed a.① 气恼的，烦恼的 例：the vexed parents of an unruly ager因孩子难管教而气恼的父母 ②(问题等)争论不休的，难于解决的 例：vexed question/issue棘手的问题

viably ad. ① 可实施地，切实可行地 ② 能存活地，能生长发育地

长难句分析

1. That's an interesting cho of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy.

该句主干是That's an interesting cho of adjective。现在分词短语coming from... 做后置定语，修饰前面的名词cho，相当于一个定语从句(which is)coming from... ;在分词短语中，定语从句who... 也做后置定语，修饰先行词a man。

2. He knows that n if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems.

该句主干是He knows that... 。that的宾语从句是一个主从复合句，且从句位于主句之前，主句是the offspring will face the problems... ;从句是让步状语从句：n if he gets a dog viably pregnant;should they survive是个省略了if的条件状语从句，为插入语，修饰主句。另外，主句的宾语the problems后接有过去分词短语shown... 做后置定语，相当于一个定义从句(that)are shown... ;冒号后的名词短语做the problems的同位语。

语篇分析

本文题材涉及生物技术。作者从克隆动物这个角度间接论证克隆人的不可行性，主张应该慎重对待克隆人研究。它是一篇观点论证型文章，按照“提出观点—论证观点—重申观点”的脉络展开论述，可分成三部分。

段为部分，提出观点：克隆人是不可行的。

引用专家Mark Westhusin和一位试图克隆其爱犬的富人的话(nr met a human worth cloning，a stupid endeor)表达作者的观点。接着介绍Mark Westhusin所进行的克隆动物的实验(two calves，a cat and a dog)，并特别指出对狗的克隆难度(one of the mysteries of modern science)。

第二、三段为第二部分，论证观点。

第二段：指出Mark Westhusin克隆动物的经验使他极力反对克隆人(vexed by talking of human cloning)。首句是段落主题句。段中详细介绍了一个克隆狗的项目(the Missyplicity project)中出现的状况：①从成百上千的卵中只获得一打左右基因匹配的胚胎;②转移到母体时没有一个胚胎存活下来。从这些细节中可以推出，克隆是低效而且危险的。这在末句“Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also erous”得到了证实。该段还给出了Mark Westhusin的观点：动物实验中的浪费现象在人的研究中不能被接受。因此，该段将Mark Westhusin反对克隆人的态度表露无疑。